Sex-specific metabolic programming in human neutrophil subsets
Bibliographic record
Abstract
While sex differences in neutrophil metabolism have been documented, whether this metabolic dimorphism extends to specific neutrophil subsets remains unknown. Low-density neutrophils (LDNs) are characterized by their lower buoyant density compared with normal-density neutrophils (NDNs), are present in low numbers in healthy individuals, and are often associated with disease severity and immune dysregulation. LDNs and NDNs from healthy human donors were isolated, whereafter cellular metabolism, specifically oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis, alongside flow cytometry for maturity markers (CD16hi/lo), was assessed. Male LDNs exhibited significantly higher basal oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and adenosine triphosphate production than female LDNs, while no sex differences were observed in NDNs. Strikingly, male LDNs also had higher OCR and glycolysis than their matched NDNs, whereas female LDNs exhibited a lower OCR than their NDNs. Our study reveals subset-specific sexual metabolic reprogramming in LDNs, whereby male LDNs exhibit a hypermetabolic phenotype. These findings provide a metabolic basis for sex-biased immune responses and highlight the need for sex-stratified approaches in neutrophil-targeted therapies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".