Walnut Protein Peptide Nanoparticles with Protective Mineralization: Resveratrol Encapsulation, Intestinal-Targeted Delivery and Synergistic Antioxidant Activity
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Resveratrol (RES) suffers from low bioavailability and poor gastrointestinal stability, limiting its health benefits. To overcome these challenges, we developed biomimetic mineralized nanoparticles based on walnut protein peptides (WPP-RES@CaP) for intestinal-targeted RES delivery. WPP with a 31.83% degree of hydrolysis was optimal for RES encapsulation. Subsequent mineralization with 5 mM Ca2+ significantly enhanced the encapsulation efficiency (EE) to 95.86%, compared to 73.69% for non-mineralized WPP-RES nanoparticles. The particle size and zeta potential of WPP-RES@CaP were 795 ± 16 nm and −27 ± 1 mV, respectively. Beyond the initial hydrophobic and π-π interactions, mineralization introduced additional stabilizing forces, including metal–ligand coordination, salt bridges, and electrostatic interactions, which collectively enhanced the structural integrity and RES retention of WPP-RES@CaP. During in vitro gastrointestinal digestion, the formation of a CaP shell protected RES and WPP from excessive degradation in the gastric phase. The 77.57% RES in WPP-RES@CaP was continuously released in the intestinal phase, which was higher than that of WPP-RES (49.73%). Meanwhile, the introduction of Ca2+ promoted the antioxidant activity of WPP-RES@CaP, which demonstrated higher DPPH and ABTS radical-scavenging activity assays than WPP-RES both before and after digestion. It was probably due to the synergistic effect of more released RES, antioxidant-free amino acids, and peptides. This mineralized peptide-based system provided a strategy for improving the delivery of hydrophobic bioactive compounds in functional foods.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".