Radiation Tolerant Multi-Loop VCO Structures in 28-nm FDSOI Technology
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This manuscript investigates the use of different multi-loop voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) structures to mitigate single event effects (SEE). The first approach is a three-stage fully differential cross-coupled ring oscillator, designed with current regulation biasing to enhance supply noise rejection. The second is a fully differential current-mode logic (CML) multi-path ring oscillator with coarse/fine control. Both structures were fabricated in 28-nm FDSOI technology. The cross-coupled ring VCO exhibits enhanced performance when using the high-current configuration, showing a phase noise of -80.1 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset from the center frequency of 1.49 GHz and a figure of merit (FoM) of 140. Moreover, the CML multi-path VCO stands out as a high-performance structure with -93.4 dBc/Hz phase noise measured at 1 MHz offset from the 1.42 GHz carrier frequency and a FoM of 151. Single event effects (SEE) and total ionizing dose (TID) responses were evaluated using a 105 MeV proton beam and <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">60</sup>Co radiation, respectively. Experimental results demonstrated significant single event transient (SET) mitigation with both solutions, with the CML multi-path VCO exhibiting superior radiation tolerance with a maximum single event frequency transient (SEFT) of 4.2% and a maximum recovery time of 1.3 ns. Both designs showed high TID tolerance up to 300 krads.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".