A Whole-Body Exercise Test to Assess Cardiorespiratory Fitness across the Stroke Recovery Continuum
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Accurate assessment of cardiorespiratory fitness is a critical component of cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) and prescription for people with stroke. However, post-stroke disability and neuromuscular impairments are common and may disproportionately affect females throughout the continuum of recovery. There is a need to evaluate alternative whole-body CPET protocols and to characterize the sex-specific CPET responses throughout the continuum of stroke recovery. PURPOSE: To characterize the sex-specific CPET responses on a whole-body recumbent stepper CPET using American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) criteria in people with subacute (7-90 d) and chronic (≥6-60 months) stroke. METHODS: Participants underwent a whole-body recumbent stepper symptom-limited CPET. Each CPET was assessed for ventilatory threshold (VT), peak oxygen uptake ( ) and ACSM maximal oxygen uptake criteria, including respiratory exchange ratio ≥1.10; plateau, heart rate (HR) within 10 beats of HRmax, and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) ≥17/20 or ≥7/10. Sex differences by stroke chronicity were evaluated via t tests, rank-sum tests, χ 2 , or Fisher exact tests. RESULTS: In total, 145 participants underwent a symptom-limited CPET. In subacute stroke ( n = 69), no sex differences were found for VT or ( P > 0.05), but females were more likely to achieve a plateau ( P = 0.002). In chronic stroke ( n = 76), no sex differences were observed for VT or criteria ( P > 0.05), but females had lower ( P = 0.002). Irrespective of sex, achieving the RPE ( n = 41 subacute [61%], n = 38 chronic [54%]) or respiratory exchange ratio criteria ( n = 28 subacute [41%], n = 39 [51%]) was the most commonly met ACSM criteria. CONCLUSIONS: This whole-body CPET protocol is appropriate for eliciting peak and maximal efforts in people post-stroke; however, clinicians should consider biological sex and stroke chronicity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".