<scp>GERD</scp> and Upper Aerodigestive Tract Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is highly prevalent, yet its association with upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) cancers beyond esophageal adenocarcinoma remains incompletely defined. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to quantify the risk of specific UADT cancers in individuals with GERD. DATA SOURCES: A comprehensive search of PubMed, Embase, Scopus, the Cochrane Library, and CINAHL was conducted for studies published from January 2000 to October 2024. REVIEW METHODS: Observational studies (cohort or case-control) evaluating GERD as a risk factor for UADT cancers in adults were included, following PRISMA guidelines (PROSPERO: CRD42024602545). Esophageal adenocarcinoma was excluded due to its well-established association with GERD. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Pooled relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using random effects models. RESULTS: Seventeen studies (12 case-control, 5 cohort), encompassing 1,768,394 participants, met inclusion criteria. GERD was significantly associated with laryngeal cancer (RR = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.19-2.31). No significant associations were found for pharyngeal, oropharyngeal, hypopharyngeal, or esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Subgroup analysis showed stronger associations in U.S.-based studies (RR = 1.61) and in studies using ICD-coded GERD (RR = 1.93). CONCLUSION: GERD is associated with an increased risk of laryngeal cancer. Findings support further investigation into reflux-related carcinogenesis in the UADT, particularly in high-risk populations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".