Morphology-driven saturated hydraulic conductivity in hydrophobised sands
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Saturated soil hydraulic conductivity is known to be influenced by soil wettability. However, results on the relation between soil hydrophobicity and saturated hydraulic conductivity are often contradictory, with both negative and positive relationships reported. Contrasts are associated with changes to the soil particle morphology after treatment to induce hydrophobicity, from particle size and shape to surface roughness. Here, constant-head tests on hydrophobised sands with known physicochemical properties and particle attributes were conducted and supported using interferometry and a dynamic image analyser. Results show a selective effect on the saturated hydraulic conductivity depending on the type of hydrophobising agent used. At high concentration (e.g. 3·5%), samples treated with dimethyldichlorosilane show an increase in the saturated hydraulic conductivity, which can be attributed to the smoothening of the surface of the grains. Samples treated with wax and tung oil have a reduction in saturated hydraulic conductivity, which is attributed to a non-negligible increase in particle size and reduced pore space.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".