MPXV Clade IIb virus infection in mice leads to prolonged viral replication, macrophage infiltration, and decreased spermatogenesis in the testes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Mpox (formerly monkeypox) is caused by monkeypox virus (MPXV) and has prompted two recent global health emergencies. Clade IIb MPXV, a recently recognized subclade, has been associated with oral and genital lesions and transmission among men who have sex with men (MSM); however, mechanisms of genital pathogenesis and sexual transmission are not understood. We investigated several routes of MPXV Clade IIb virus infection (intranasal, oral, anal, and intraperitoneal) and found high and prolonged viral titres in the testes after IP inoculation still detectable at 21 days. The testes had significant changes to tissue architecture including loss of spermatogenesis, disorganization of spermatozoa, loss of Leydig cells, and breakdown of the seminiferous tubule membranes. Viral antigen positive cells were present in the interstitial spaces between the seminiferous tubules with macrophage infiltration also evident. This work provides insights into potential of sexual transmission for MPXV viruses as well as mechanisms of Mpox disease which may significantly impact long-term fertility or sex organ health of infected males. Author Summary Mpox (formerly monkeypox) is a painful disease similar to smallpox caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV) which is an emerging/re-emerging virus. Recently the WHO has declared two global health emergencies due to human-to-human transmission of MPXV. Clade IIb MPXV is a newly recognized subclade that has been associated with genital lesions and sexual transmission/contact; however, how the virus causes disease in sex-organs or how it is passed from person-to-person is not understood. We investigated several routes of MPXV Clade IIb inoculation and found IP inoculation in male mice led to high and prolonged viral titres in testes. Additionally, the testes were significantly affected having loss of sperm and cellular organization. Evidence of inflammatory cell infiltration, specifically, macrophages, are suspected to be the cause of testes specific disease. This work provides insights into potential of sexual transmission for MPXV viruses as well as mechanisms of Mpox disease.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".