Genome-wide identification of GRF transcription factor in Populus: Regulatory analysis of the miR396-PagGRF1/2e-PagWUSa module in adventitious shoot regeneration
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Growth-Regulating Factor (GRF) transcription factors are important regulators that promote adventitious shoot formation and improve genetic transformation efficiency in plants. Poplar ( Populus spp.), known for its rapid growth, is extensively applied in forestry improvement and biotechnology. Organ regeneration serves as the foundation for genetic improvement. The regeneration process in poplar is often regarded as being strongly genotype-dependent and characterized by prolonged regeneration periods. Here, we characterized 22 Pag GRF genes in the genome of '84 K' poplar ( Populus alba × P. glandulosa ) and performed a genome-wide survey to characterize their evolutionary relationships and gene features. Of these genes, Pag GRF1/2e was markedly upregulated during adventitious shoot regeneration. Overexpression of Pag GRF1/2e significantly promoted adventitious shoot regeneration. Whereas overexpression of miR396 strongly suppressed it. Further analysis revealed that PagGRF1/2e binds the Pag WUSa (WUSCHEL) promoter to induce its transcription, forming a regulatory module—miR396–PagGRF1/2e–Pag WUSa —that controls adventitious shoot regeneration in poplar. Overall, our study not only identifies Pag GRF1/2e as a positive regulator of shoot regeneration and provide a well-defined genetic module that could serve as a strategic target for improving regenerative and transformation efficiency in woody species.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".