Refugee Protection, Safeguarding Intangible Cultural Heritage and Human Rights
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cultural heritage is integral to the definition of refugees, as such refugee protection should include safeguarding of refugee cultural heritage. The main international law instrument for refugee protection is the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and the Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, parts of which are part of customary international law. Whereas international refugee law may not directly address cultural heritage, the interpretation of the Refugee Convention and Refugee Protocol must be in accordance with the ordinary meaning of their terms in their context and in light of their objects and purpose. The concept of “cultural” in heritage (or property) refers to qualifying criteria, such as historical or ethnographic. Arguably, the Refugee Convention and Refugee Protocol engage with refugee cultural heritage, including through the refugee definition. For instance, the persecution grounds in the refugee definition under the Refugee Convention are linked with the cultural heritage of refugees. A refugee is defined as a person with “well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion”. Race has been interpreted to refer to “race, colour, descent, or national or ethnic origin”. Religion includes thought, conscience and religion as theistic, non-theistic and atheistic beliefs. Nationality has been interpreted not only as national origin but also broadly to include origin and membership of particular ethnic, religious, cultural, and linguistic communities. Membership of a particular social group refers to “shared interests, values, or background”. Political opinion has also been broadly interpreted to incorporate opinion on any matter in which policy is engaged. The paper examines the engagement of the Refugee Convention and Refugee Protocol with refugee intangible cultural heritage and the extent to which such engagement creates tensions with other frameworks around cultural heritage and human rights, due to tensions embedded in different treatments of refugees as individuals or groups and the potential essentialisation of refugee identities. I conceptualise intangible cultural heritage to incorporate refugee relationships with their tangible cultural heritage.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.009 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.032 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.012 | 0.011 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.011 |
| Research integrity | 0.008 | 0.009 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.022 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".