Versatile and Robust Nickel Single Atom Catalysts
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A vast number of industrial catalytic processes rely on noble metals, also called platinum group metals (PGMs), which are scarce and expensive. Replacing these expensive noble metals with earth abundant metals (EAMs) represents a major challenge. Although nickel is known to be an excellent catalyst for certain reactions, like hydrogenation, it is unselective in metallic form and is inactive when oxidized during CO oxidation or methane oxidation reactions. Here we show that many of the reactions catalyzed by PGMs, such as oxidation or hydrogenation, can also be carried out effectively by a base metal such as nickel, when it is stabilized in the form of isolated single atoms in the fluorite lattice of CeO2. Incorporating Ni into the CeO2 lattice (formally Ce0.9Ni0.1O1.8(OH)0.2) creates a versatile and robust Ni single atom catalyst. Protons help to balance the charge imbalance created by the Ni(II). We propose the resultant Ce(IV) participate actively in catalysis. The working catalyst contains atomically dispersed Ni(II) sites that are stable under reaction conditions. Unlike metallic Ni, this single atom catalyst is not pyrophoric, can be handled in air and easily activated for hydrogenation reactions. The synthesis described here is scalable and yields a high loading of Ni (~3 wt%) within the fluorite CeO2 lattice while also allowing facile substitution of Ce with co-dopants, such as Zr, to further tune the environment of the active sites.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".