Efficacy of Azithromycin and Atovaquone Combination Therapy in the Clinical Management of Babesia gibsoni Infection in Dogs
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Six dogs with clinical babesiosis were presented at the Veterinary Clinical Complex, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. Breeds affected were Labrador Retriever (2), German Shepherd, Belgian Malinois, Golden Retriever, and one non-descript (n=6). Young dogs (<4 years) predominated (83.33%), and males were more affected (66.67%), possibly due to fight-related bite transmission of Babesia gibsoni in addition to ticks. Common clinical signs included fever (100%), anorexia and pale mucous membranes (83.3% each), lethargy and lymphadenopathy (66.7% each), splenomegaly and hemoglobinuria (50% each), and icterus (33.3%). Hematological findings revealed regenerative anemia, consistent thrombocytopenia (100%), and leukocytosis. Biochemical alterations included hyperbilirubinemia, elevated liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP), hypoalbuminemia, hyperglobulinemia, and mild azotemia in some cases. Giemsa-stained blood smears confirmed small intraerythrocytic B. gibsoni piroplasms in all dogs. Ultrasonography showed splenomegaly (50%), hepatomegaly, and increased renal echogenicity in affected cases. All dogs were treated with atovaquone (13.3 mg/kg TID) and azithromycin (10 mg/kg SID) for 10 days along with supportive therapy. Clinical recovery occurred within 7-10 days, with complete hematological improvement and negative blood smears by day 30. The study highlights the characteristic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and multisystem involvement in canine B. gibsoni infection, along with excellent therapeutic response to the atovaquone–azithromycin protocol.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".