A 3D Low-Power Photon-to-Digital Converter - Radiation Detection Applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The completion of a first wafer lot of 3D Photon-to-Digital Converters at Sherbrooke enables a new instrumentation tool for different applications such as neutron imaging, particle physics, medical imaging, spectral lidar. While the custom 3D SPAD tier is being characterized, a complete system has been designed and tested using the CMOS readout of the PDC and an AMD Zynq Ultrascale+. This low-power flavor of the PDC readout has a flag output for timing measurement with an external Time-to-Digital Converter and coincidence algorithms, and a digital sum to get the number of detected photons. With these two pieces of information, one has the flexibility to perform various types of measurements such as pulse-height spectra, pulse-shape discrimination, and precise Time-of-Arrival estimation. A demonstration of the capabilities of the PDC acquisition system resulted in a timing precision of approximately 95 ps FWHM and a variation of 10 photons FWHM while using a PicoQuant laser.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.015 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".