The influence of initial structure on the evolution of permeability functions of a lean clay for a wide range of void ratios
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Although the effect of microstructure on clayey soil permeability is known, the evolution of the permeability–void ratio function for different initial microstructures remains unclear. A developed low-compliance permeameter with a triaxial double-cell and twin-wall burettes was used to investigate the permeability evolution of a lean clay prepared in three distinct initial microstructures at the same void ratio. Eighteen permeability tests revealed the steepest slope of the permeability–void ratio curve for the sample prepared at the slightly wet side of w opt (optimum water content) with the largest aggregation and macro-pores. The other two samples prepared at the two extreme sides of w opt showed permeability functions with a gentler slope, and the reconstituted sample exhibited the lowest permeability function across the tested void ratio range. Observations were supported by microstructural analyses of 10 samples using scanning electron microscopy and micro-computed tomography scan tests. The slightly wet-side sample showed larger ped sizes, higher macro-porosity, and a softer response to compression, while the extreme dry-side sample exhibited a crossover in permeability function due to a more uniform particle clustering and stiffer structure. These results provide useful guidance for selecting compaction conditions to control permeability such as dams and landfill liners.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".