PFAS Alter Thyroid Histology and Cellular Signaling <i>In Vitro</i> and <i>In Vivo</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are toxicants of emerging concern due to their abundance in the environment and potential adverse health effects. PFAS are used in waterproof clothing, makeup, carpets, upholstery, cookware, and fast-food containers. Due to their universal use, they are found globally in the water supply. In fact, these organic pollutants have been found in the blood of 98% of Americans and have been linked to disruption in thyroid hormone biosynthesis and availability. Moreover, several studies have shown that cancer patients may have an increase in PFAS levels and that PFAS exposure increases thyroid cancer risk. Demonstration of concrete PFAS-mediated alterations in thyroid histology and function could have far-reaching implications. To understand the effects of PFAS on thyroid histology, we used a PFAS feeding model with a combination of 3 PFAS compounds (PFOS, PFOA, and GenX) vs control. Mice receiving PFAS treatment showed altered thyroid architecture and cell structure following PFAS exposure. RNA-sequencing data revealed several alterations in gene expression and multiple signaling pathways were dysregulated. Understanding the role of PFAS-mediated toxicity in the thyroid is critically important for the prevention of thyroid disease in the general population.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".