Diel thermal fluctuations during embryonic development affect molecular and physiological phenotypes in later life stages of Fundulus heteroclitus
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Temperature varies in aquatic environments across many temporal scales, but relatively few studies have studied the effects of stable versus variable temperatures in fishes, particularly during early development. The goal of our study was to compare the lasting effects of varying extents of diel thermal fluctuation during embryonic development on whole-animal phenotypes and to examine underlying molecular mechanisms. To address this, we used Fundulus heteroclitus , a species of topminnow that inhabits intertidal saltmarshes along the Atlantic coast of North America that experience daily tidal fluctuations.We developed embryos under four different levels of diel thermal fluctuation (26 ± 0 °C, 26 ± 3 °C, 26 ± 5 °C, 26 ± 7 °C) from fertilization to hatch. Once hatched, larvae were raised at a common constant temperature of 26 °C for up to 6 months to test for lasting effects on phenotype due to developmental plasticity. We found evidence of developmental plasticity at our early sampling timepoints (1 and 3 months), as thermal tolerance (Critical thermal maximum (CT max ) and agitation temperature) and hypoxia tolerance decreased in response to fluctuating temperatures, whereas length was greater. By 6 months, length and metabolic rate did not differ between groups. Changes in physiological phenotypes were accompanied by altered mRNA levels of key regulatory genes such as igfs, hsps, and hif1α . Together, these data demonstrate exposure to fluctuating temperature during early development has lasting effects for several months at both the physiological and molecular levels, which has implications for predicting the responses of fishes to climate change. • Fish exposed to larger fluctuations during development were longer at 1 and 3 months. • Fish reared under larger fluctuations during development had a lower CT max . • Hypoxia tolerance was lower in fish exposed to larger fluctuations as embryos. • Fluctuating temperatures had long-term effects on mRNA abundance in juveniles.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".