Multivariate data analysis of sex differences in emotional and cognitive evaluations over 1 year after stroke
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Post-stroke disabilities in cognition and mood lead to worse stroke recovery trajectory but are frequently overlooked. Although neurological factors and clinical history have been documented as important predictors of these invisible handicaps, the role of sex has not been given enough scrutiny. Examining sex-based differences in these outcomes could help deliver better post-stroke care. The goal of this study was to explore the interplay over one year between post-stroke cognitive and socio-affective assessments for men and women separately. Clinical evaluations of a monocentric hospital-based cohort including 263 patients with first-ever ischemic stroke were taken before hospital discharge and at 3- and 12-months post-stroke. Univariate comparisons between men and women were conducted, followed by multivariate analyses controlling for stroke severity, age, and education. Partial correlations between neuroradiological (stroke volume, white matter hyperintensities), cognitive (Montreal Cognitive Assessment test), mood (Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale; Apathy Inventory), and quality-of-life (Life Satisfaction Questionnaire-9) metrics were computed for both sexes. In multivariate analyses, women showed higher levels of baseline depression (p adj < 0.05) and apathy Initiate (p adj < 0.05) and Interest (p adj < 0.001) subscores, as well as of anxiety at both follow-ups (p adj < 0.05); they also endorsed lower scores in various quality-of-life sub-domains across all time points. Men had increasing levels of depression over time and showed stronger associations between psychological outcomes, including greater intercorrelations between cognitive assessments. Only spurious associations were found between clinical and neuroradiological characteristics for both sexes. Independently from stroke severity, age, and education, there were notable sex differences in the interplay between post-stroke cognitive and socio-affective functioning, suggesting differences in resilience and resistance to pathological burden. The inclusion of sex- and gender-specific factors in clinical evaluations seems critical to optimize post-stroke care strategies. Clinical Trial Registration : Trial name: Brain Before Stroke; ID: PHRC-12-152; URL: https://scanr.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr/project/PHRC-12-152 .
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".