Star Formation under a Cosmic Microscope: Highly Magnified <i>z</i> = 11 Galaxy behind the Bullet Cluster
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We present measurements of stellar population properties of a newly discovered, spectroscopically confirmed, z = 11.1 0 − 0.26 + 0.11 , gravitationally lensed galaxy, using JWST NIRSpec PRISM spectroscopy and NIRCam imaging. The arc is highly magnified by the Bullet Cluster (magnification factor μ = 14 . 0 − 0.3 + 6.2 ). It contains three star-forming components of which one is barely resolved and two are unresolved, giving intrinsic sizes of ≲10 pc. The clumps also contain ∼50% of the total stellar mass. The galaxy formed the majority of its stars ∼150 Myr ago (by z ∼ 14). The spectrum shows a pronounced damping wing, typical for galaxies deep in the reionization era and indicating a neutral intergalactic medium at this line of sight. The intrinsic luminosity of the galaxy is 0.08 6 − 0.030 + 0.008 L * (with L * being the characteristic luminosity for this redshift), making it the lowest-luminosity spectroscopically confirmed galaxy at z > 10 discovered to date.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".