Adolescent Chronic Sleep Disruption Increases Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability, but in a Time‐, Region‐ and Sex‐Dependent Manner in CD‐1 Mice
Bibliographic record
Abstract
During puberty and adolescence, there is a natural change in the circadian rhythm, which could result in inadequate sleep and increase the likelihood of physical and mental health issues. Previously, we have developed a mouse model showing that adolescent chronic sleep disruption (CSD) induces depression-like behaviour in male and female CD-1 mice. However, the mechanisms underlying this effect are unknown. The current study investigates blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability as a possible mechanism through which CSD may impact the brains of male and female CD-1 mice. At 6 weeks old, mice underwent either CSD for seven consecutive days or were left undisturbed. Mice were euthanized at either 24 h, 72 h, or 7 days following the last sleep disruption. BBB permeability was assessed in the whole brain and in specific brain regions (prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and hypothalamus). Results showed that at 72 h post-CSD, sleep-disrupted females had greater BBB permeability in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus than non-sleep-disrupted females and sleep-disrupted males. At 7 days post-CSD, sleep-disrupted male and female mice displayed higher BBB permeability in the hypothalamus than non-sleep-disrupted mice. These findings demonstrate that CSD increases BBB permeability in a sex-, time- and brain region-dependent manner and females may be particularly vulnerable to the effects of CSD during adolescence. Understanding the factors disrupting BBB integrity will broaden our understanding of the impact of adolescent stress on brain function and behaviour.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".