Association Between Exposure to Phenols and Parabens and Allergy-Related Outcomes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BackgroundParabens and phenols (PAPs) are widely used in consumer and personal care products. Although prior studies suggest links between PAP exposure and allergic outcomes, evidence across adolescents and adults remains limited.ObjectiveTo investigate associations between urinary PAPs and allergy-related outcomes.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional analysis of NHANES 2005-2006. Eight urinary PAPs were considered; three with >33.3% values below the limit of detection were excluded. Allergic symptoms and sensitization were assessed based on participants' self-reported health conditions. Three survey-weighted generalized linear models (crude model: unadjusted; Model I: partially adjusted; Model II: fully adjusted) and weighted quantile sum regression were used to evaluate the associations between PAPs exposure and allergy-related outcomes in both adolescents and adults.ResultsAmong adolescents, higher triclosan (TCS) exposure was positively associated with allergic rhinitis, allergies, sinus infection, and sneezing; in the fully adjusted model, odds ratios (ORs) were 2.04 (95% CI: 1.18-3.54), 2.36 (1.25-4.47), 3.28 (1.36-7.91), and 2.12 (1.27-3.52), respectively. Higher TCS, methyl paraben (MPB), and propyl paraben (PPB) were associated with dust-mite sensitization, with ORs of 2.00 (1.16-3.45), 2.09 (1.05-4.17), and 3.87 (2.09-7.16). Among adults, MPB was positively associated with allergic rhinitis (OR = 1.95, 95% CI: 1.26-3.00) and sneezing (OR = 1.99, 1.27-3.10), and TCS was associated with hay fever (OR = 1.99, 1.22-3.23) and plant sensitization (OR = 1.40, 1.03-1.91). In mixture analyses, PAPs were positively associated with allergies (adjusted OR = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.07-1.51), sneezing (1.15, 1.00-1.33), and plant sensitization (1.21, 1.02-1.43) in adolescents, but no significant mixture associations were found in adults.ConclusionHigher levels of specific PAPs, particularly TCS, MPB, and PPB, and PAP mixtures were associated with increased risks of allergy-related outcomes in adolescents. In adults, TCS and MPB showed positive associations with multiple outcomes, whereas the overall PAP mixture was not statistically significant.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".