Maternal postpartum depression modifies the association between maternal HIV infection and infant diarrhea in Ghana's Eastern region
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Diarrhea remains a major public health concern in low‐income countries. We examined the incidence and determinants of diarrhea among infants of HIV positive (HIV‐P), HIV negative (HIV‐N), and unknown HIV status (HIV‐U) women. Pregnant women (n=492) were recruited from three antenatal clinics after voluntary counselling and testing and followed from 0 to 12 mo after delivery. The incidence of diarrhea in the first 12 mo of life was 0.6 episodes per 100 d of observation; there was no group difference by maternal HIV‐status. Infants of HIV‐U compared to HIV‐P and HIV‐N women tended to have more days ill with diarrhea between 0‐3 mo (P=0.08), 3‐6 mo (P=0.06), and 0‐12 mo (P=0.05). HIV‐P compared to HIV‐N and HIV‐U women tended to report symptoms of post‐partum depression (PPD) at 0 mo (P=0.10). Infants whose mothers showed symptoms of PPD at 0 mo had over twice as many days ill with diarrhea (P<0.001) and more diarrheal episodes (P=0.002) between 0‐3 mo. Multivariate analyses showed that between 0‐3 mo of age, there was a significant interaction (P=0.02) between maternal HIV status and PPD. Symptoms of PPD at 0 mo increased the risk of 0‐3 mo diarrhea for HIV‐P (OR=6.2; 95% CI: 2.7, 14.3) and HIV‐U (OR=3.5; 95% CI: 1.9, 6.7) women, but not for HIV‐N women. Support systems in health care facilities should include program components that address PPD, especially in HIV‐affected communities. Funded by NICHD HD43260
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".