Bibliographic record
Abstract
The lithalsas that occur in Hudsonie, northern Québec, Canada, are modern-day analogues to the features that formed the shallow depressions ('viviers') that occur today on the Hautes Fagnes, Belgium. Observations made in the two regions are complementary. They demonstrate that these periglacial mounds form first by vertical upheaving and later by lateral enlargment. The main observations in favour of this thesis are : 1) the regular morphology, either cicular or oval, of both actual lithalsas and traces of previous lithalsas, cannot be explained by simple vertical heave ; 2) the lateral extension of lithalsas, inferred from relict forms in the Hautes Fagnes, is clearly evident ; 3) the ramparts cannot be explained in terms of simple erosion of the lithalsa surface and subsequent lateral downslope movement of material under gravity to form the ramparts because (a) very low slope angles are involved and (b) thermokarst activity would have been initiated by the erosion ; 4) the oblique inclination of ice lenses observed within a lithalsa in Hudsonie indicates that the freezing plane (i.e. top of permafrost) was lateral, on the sides. In permafrost regions today, aggradational ice forms by segregation at the permafrost table. If the latter is inclined, the growth of aggradational ice can heave material both upwards and laterally. Therefore, enlargement of a lithalsa, and the preservation of its ramparts following thaw degradation, are thought to be associated with the growth of aggradational ice on the inclined permafrost table that surrounds the mound. This process is called "frost thrusting". The snow accumulations on the border of the lithalses explain the direction of advance of the freezing front. Calculation of the possible pressures developed by the growth of segregated ice supports this thesis. Figure 14 illustrates how lithalsas are thought to form. This explanation has to be verified in the arctic permafrost region of northern Quebec by excavating sections through actual lithalsas using a portable high pressure water pump.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".