The bioavailability of lutein from infant formula
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Lutein is a naturally occurring carotenoid in breast milk that has recently been added to infant formula. Lutein has a unique localization in the eye, where it functions by protecting the eye from oxidative and light‐induced damage. As humans cannot synthesize lutein, diet or supplements are the sources of this nutrient. We have previously shown that addition of lutein to formula results in comparable growth in infants over a four‐month period. In the current work, the absorption of lutein from infant formula was assessed in two animal models, neonatal pigs and infant rhesus monkeys, and in human infants. For animal studies, two doses of lutein in formula were administered via orogastric tubing. Lutein was delivered at 1.66 mg lutein/kg body weight (bw) and at 332 mcg/kg bw (pigs) or 166 mcg/kg bw (monkeys). Blood, collected just prior to formula administration and at multiple times afterwards, was analyzed for lutein by HPLC. The time course of absorption was rapid and similar to other carotenoids. There was a dose‐dependent response in the maximal plasma lutein concentration and lutein AUC. In addition to these animal studies, the absorption of lutein was studied in infants receiving fortified formula for approximately 36 days. A linear relationship between added lutein and the resultant infant plasma levels was observed. Overall these data provide support that lutein is well absorbed from infant formula.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".