Dietary Sodium and Hypertension Status: A Quantitative Study Exploring Older Adults’ Food Purchasing and Consumption Behaviour
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objectives: The purpose of the study was to investigate the relation between hypertension (HTN) status and the amount of sodium purchased and consumed by community dwelling older adults. The secondary objective was to compare their accordance with the DASH dietary pattern according to hypertension status.\nMethod: A dietary survey of 30 community dwelling older adults was conducted. The amount of daily sodium purchased and consumed, DASH score and DASH accordance were compared between the hypertensive and normotensive older adults using grocery receipts and 24-hour dietary recall. Participants’ knowledge, concern and behaviour regarding dietary sodium were also assessed using a researcher administered study questionnaire.\nResult: There was no significant difference in both the amount of sodium purchased (p = 0.07) and consumed (p = 0.61) by the older adults with and without hypertension. Older adults with HTN had significantly lower DASH scores (DASH score = 1.8) than those without HTN (DASH score = 4.3) (p < 0.001), with only 6.3% of HTN adults considered as DASH accordant. Participants’ knowledge and concern regarding dietary sodium did not show any meaningful relationship with the amount of sodium purchased and consumed.\nConclusion: This study implied a need for more established guidelines regarding reduction of sodium content of processed, pre-packaged and restaurants foods in the Canadian food supply. The need for more involvement of health professionals regarding dietary modification to prevent and manage hypertension in addition to greater public health efforts is also apparent from the findings of the study.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".