The Labour Market Effect of Social Security in Germany/L'EFFET DE MARCHÉ DU TRAVAIL DE LA SÉCURITÉ SOCIALE EN ALLEMAGNE
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract: This paper investigates the relationship between social security and laobour market in Germany and calculates the regression relation among social security expenditure, social security contribution, enterprise investment and unemployment rate. The results indicated that the labour market has a closed relevance with social security. Reducing the social security contribution of enterprise is an important means to control the unemployment. And the proper level social security expenditure is the most crucial factor to keep the beneficial cycle between social security and laobour market. Key words: Social Security Contribution; Social Security Expenditure; Labour Market Resume: Cet article etudie la relation entre la securite sociale et le marche du travail en Allemagne et calcule la relation de regression entre les depenses de securite sociale, des cotisations de securite sociale, l'investissement des entreprises et le taux de chomage. Les resultats ont montre que le marche du travail a une relation etroite avec la securite sociale. Reduire la cotisation de securite sociale de l'entreprise est un moyen important pour controler le chomage. Et le bon niveau des depenses de securite sociale est le facteur le plus crucial pour maintenir le cycle benefique entre la securite sociale et le marche du travail. Mots-cles: cotisation de securite sociale; depenses de securite sociale; marche du travail 1. INTRODUCTION Social security expenditure is a part of labour cost and effect the labour demand of employer. Furthermore, the high level social security expenditure perhaps leads to the increase of voluntary unemployment and early retirement. In this paper, we adopt the data from 1995 to 2008 of German to inspect the correlativity between social security and labour market. And hope to find a method to effect the labour market by adjustment of social security. 2. EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL SECURITY IMPACT IN GERMAN LABOUR MARKET 2.1 Status of Social Security Expenditure and Unemployment in German Social security expenditure in german is always a huge amount. It is almost 30% of German GDP In the mean time a fairly high rate of chronic unemployment has placed great pressure upon the job market. Table 1 displays the two factors changes from 1995 to 2008: The social security expenditure and the unemployment rate have been keeping the high level for a long time. The data show that the serious disturbance between labour demand and supply has happened in German labour market. But the regression analysis shows that there is no strong correlation between the social security expenditure and unemployment rate. The regression conclusions are as follows: UE=0.42SE-3.85 R=0.543 P=0.105 (1) UE: Unemployment growth rate SC: Social security growth expenditure rate 2.2 Correlation Analysis of Social Security Contribution and Unemployment According to the active mechanism between social security and labour market, the high level social security expenditure will result in the high contribution of enterprise. The German employers must turn more than 20% of payrolls to the social security for their employees. And the enterprise contribution burden is getting heavier and heavier in the view of the time trend. This has been a most important portion of the labour cost of German enterprise. The most social security revenue has to depend on the enterprise contribution. With the increasing of the social security expenditure, the labour cost of German enterprise is much higher than before. Such heavy social security burden must bring out the decrease of the profit of the enterprise if the price of the product is still kept marketing competitiveness. …
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.010 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".