Sustainability of Using Crushed Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) and Portland Cement Concrete (PCC) in a Road Structure
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Many jurisdictions and agencies have developed and implemented programs or systems to assess the sustainability of transportation planning and operations. Presently, no program is in-place in Saskatchewan to assess the sustainability of transportation construction operations. This study demonstrates that using recycled RAP and PCC as structural materials for road designs is technically, environmentally, economically, and socially sustainable. RAP and PCC aggregates were found to meet or exceed the performance of virgin aggregates. Compared to preconstruction measurements of the traditional virgin aggregate pavement structure, falling weight deflectometer (FWD) measurements showed improved structural capacity of the recycled aggregate pavement structure. This was also reflected in the material property results; the recycled RAP and PCC materials had substantially higher dynamic modulus values than the conventional granular base. Waste reduction, aggregate conservation, and reduced material haul are environmental advantages of using recycled, locally available RAP and PCC materials in road construction. The quantity of virgin aggregate conserved, GHG emissions reduced, energy reduced, and a cost comparison of recycled and virgin aggregate material hauling is included in this study. Overall, this project demonstrates that it is feasible to use recycled materials in a road structure in a manner that can be superior to conventional road structures in terms of environmental, economic, social, and technical sustainability.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".