Defining Religion: Investigating the Boundaries Between the Sacred and Secular
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Social Scientific Attempt to Define Religion: Sacred algorithms - exchange theory of religious claims, W. Sims Bainbridge Differentiating - the virtues of substantive definitions of religion, W.H. Swatos Jr The implicit religiosity of the secular - a Martian perspective on the definition of religion, E.I. Bailey Defining - a pluralistic approach for the global age, F. Lechner Negotiating the secular forms of religious authority and their political consequences, E. Kopplewitz. The Social Construction of the Religious Category: The imperial states, axial religions and the definition of W. Herbrechtsmeier Contested meanings and definitional boundaries - historicizing the sociology of religion, M. McGuire The category religion and the politics of tolerance, R. McCutcheon Defining in cross-national perspective: identity and difference in official conceptions, P. Beyer Cultural context and the definition of - seeing with Confucian eyes, J. Spickard. Negotiating Religion in Everyday Life: The courts and the definition of in the United States and Canada - preserving the status quo through exclusion, L.G. Beaman Baby boomers and their millennial kids - folk definitions of and their relation to culture, L. Schofield Clark The relationship between and spirituality, R. Hood Defining paganism in England and Wales, M. York.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".