Mobilization of Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes in Partially Saturated Porous Media
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are important engineered nanoparticles with unique and beneficial properties. As aresult CNTs has been used in a wide range of commercial products including electronics, optical devices and drugdelivery leading to their disposal in the natural environment. Literature studies have investigated the mobility ofCNTs in saturated porous media under differing physical and chemical conditions. However CNT transport inunsaturated porous media has not been investigated thus far. This study investigated the transport of Multi WalledCNTs (MWCNTs) at different water contents and flow rates, a common situation in the event of infiltration/rainfallin the upper layer of the unsaturated subsurface.We have used a column packed with silica sand, at different watercontents by applying a suction at the base of the column, and sprinkled the MWCNTs solution at different flowrates at the top of the column. Experiments suggest that MWCNTs deposition was independent of the changein water content (until 21% of total pore space) of the porous media for chosen applied suction if the flow ratesare higher ( 0.5 m/day). There was a significant amount of MWCNTs filtration occurred at low flow rates (0.1m/day) and no filtration occurred at high flow rates (4 m/day) at any porous media saturation. In transient flowconditions, all the deposited nanotubes at low flow rates were re-mobilized after application of high flow rates. Allthese findings indicated that the nanotubes were possibly deposited in the immobile zone created in the relativelysmaller pores during low flow conditions and straining did not significantly affect the nanotubes filtration.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".