Hazardous Materials Carriage: The history of vessel safety standards
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The history of hazardous materials regulations and shipping has been marked by loss of life and tragedy. This article relates a number of incidents and accidents involving hazardous materials shipping in which many lives were lost and maimed. Included are: (1) the Halifax explosion in December 1917 - a collision of a French freighter carrying explosive munitions with a Norwegian steamship (2000 lives lost, 9,000 injuries); (2) the Port Chicago disaster, July 17, 1944 - an explosion of a ship,while docked, carrying explosive munitions (320 fatalities, 390 injuries). The explosion occurred during the loading of the munitions, and led to a mutiny of navy personnel.; (3) Texas City disaster, April 16, 1947 - a French ship loaded with industrial grade ammonium nitrate, exploded while docked in the Port of Texas City, Texas. The initial explosion destroyed almost 1,000 buildings and sparked fires and secondary explosions on other ships and on waterfront refineries (600 fatalities, 3,500 injuries).; (4) Torrey Canyon Oil disaster, March 18, 1967 - a supertanker spilled 120,000 tons of crude oil when it ran aground off the coast of England; (5) Exxon Valdez, March 24, 1989 - oil spill of over 11 million gallons of crude oil, in Prince William Sound, Alaska. All of these incidents led to changes in tank vessel regulations, U.S. Coast Guard authority, and U.S. and International hazardous materials safety and shipping standards.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.013 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.010 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.007 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.015 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".