α‐synuclein in activated microglias during infarct‐induced Wallerian degeneration
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abnormal aggregation of α‐Synuclein (αS) drives cell loss and produces intracellular inclusions in synucleinopathies, which may be due to insufficient degradation resulting from either a dysfunctional ubiquitin‐proteasome system (UPS) or a constant production of mutated αS that overwhelms the UPS. Recent in vitro studies suggest that the autophagy‐lysosome pathway is also involved in αS degradation. On the other hand, synucleinopathies are associated with microglial activation and infiltration. In this postmortem study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between microglial activity and αS disposition in serial patients with cerebral infarct‐induced Wallerian degeneration (CI‐WD) of the corticospinal fibers. Immunoreactivity for αS was found in activated microglias localized in the CI‐WD regions of seven patients (mean 65.6 ± 9.3 years), but not five neuropathologically normal subjects (mean 70.4 ± 8.0 years). No immunoreactivity for ubiquitin or neurofilament protein was present in the microglias. Confocal analysis of double‐immunofluorescence staining confirmed the colocalization of αS with the microglial marker. Our results suggest endocytosis (phagocytosis and/or pinocytosis) of αS into activated microglias during the process of CI‐WD. This finding indicates that αS may alternatively undergo microglia‐associated lysosomal proteolysis for degradation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".