Liquid-Liquid Extraction of Titanium (IV) from Hydrochloric Acid Solutions by Di-(2- Ethylhexyl)-Phosphoric Acid
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The distribution of titanium (IV) between aqueous hydrochloric acid solutions and solutions of di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phosphoric acid (DEHPA) in kerosene or benzene has been investigated under different conditions. Infrared spectral measurement was made of the organic extract. As the results, it is found that the extraction of titanium (IV) at low aqueous acidity ([HCl] ≤ 3 mol dm-3) is governed by cation-exchange reaction and at higher acidity ([HCl] ≥ 3 mol dm-3) by a solvating reaction. At low acidity, the monomeric species is formed when the DEHPA is present in excess, but the extraction at higher titanium concentration proceeds in the reaction involving the formation of polymeric species.From the extraction study under non-equilibrium conditions it is confirmed that the extraction at low and higher aqueous acidities is progressed by the SN1 mechanism.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".