Episodic breathing patterns in neonatal rats: neurochemical modulation, developmental changes and pontine influences
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Episodic breathing is prevalent in premature infants and is found in fetal rats but rarely reported in postnatal (PN) in vitro preparations. We observed episodic breathing patterns in the in vitro pontomedullary‐spinal cord preparation from rat pups on day of birth (P0) and PN day 2 (P2), but the occurrence declined with PN age with 70% of P0 and 20% of P2 preparations exhibited episodic patterns. In P0 preparations, episodic inspiratory bursting was recorded from cervical rootlets (C4/C1), hypoglossal and thoracic nerves (T1/T2), and episodic expiratory bursts coupled to inspiratory bursts were recorded from the 12 th thoracic nerve rootlet. As neonates are highly sensitive to respiratory depression by opioids, we hypothesized that endogenous opioids participate in the production of the apneas between the episodes. Activation of opioid receptors (DAMGO 1–2μM) increased apnea duration but antagonism with naloxone (1–5μM) did not alter apnea duration or the episodic pattern, suggesting that endogenous opioids do not mediate the episodic rhythm. We also examined the role of the pons in the generation of the episodic rhythm. Both chemical inhibition and physical removal of the pons eliminated the episodic breathing pattern. Our data suggests that the pons is involved in the generation of episodic rhythms but that this involvement decreases and is lost over the first two PN days.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".