Analysis of Changes in the Potato Leaf Proteome Triggered by Phosphite Reveals Functions Associated with Induced Resistance Against Phytophthora infestans
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Exogenous chemicals can be used to stimulate induced resistance (IR), a process related to increased disease resistance of susceptible plants against a broad range of pathogens. The identification of molecular components related to IR provides an understanding of the mechanisms related to host resistance to pathogens. Environmentally friendly phosphite (Phi)-based fungicides are increasingly used in controlling oomycete pathogens such as Phytophthora infestans, causing late blight of potatoes and other solanaceous crops. Their efficacy was clearly proven by field trials carried out by a group of researchers led by Wang-Pruski. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms responsible for stimulation of IR by Phi-based fungicides have not been fully documented. \nIn this study, 93 differentially regulated proteins (62 up-regulated and 31 down-regulated proteins) in Phi-treated potato leaves were identified by iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomics. The majority of these differentially regulated proteins have not been previously reported. Identification of the differentially regulated proteins revealed two major molecular mechanisms related to defense and metabolism for energy generation. Defense mechanisms include the hypersensitive response (HR), reactive oxygen species pathway, salicylic acid-dependent pathway, and antimicrobial activities. Energy generating metabolisms include glycolysis, photosynthesis, and starch degradation. \nFour days post inoculation with P. infestans, the abundance of 16 of the 93 differentially regulated proteins increased significantly in the Phi-treated plants compared with that of the control plants. On the other hand, the abundance of 9 of the 93 differentially regulated proteins was decreased in the Phi-treated plants compared to that of the control plants. The abundance of the remaining 68 differentially regulated proteins was unchanged for both challenged Phi-treated and control plants. This suggests that pre-activation of proteins in Phi-treated sample before infection is essential to increase the levels of host resistance to the pathogen. Many of the 68 differentially regulated proteins that did not change after infection play roles in HR. These proteins include cathepsin B, cysteine protease inhibitors, and proteins involved in reactive oxygen species and salicylic acid pathways. Callose deposition and subcellular changes related to HR were observed in the Phi-treated plants, indicating that Phi-responsive proteins facilitate the activation of HR against the pathogen.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".