The development of taste buds in two morphs of <i>Astyanax mexicanus</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Mexican tetra, Astyanax mexicanus , is a fish that exists as two morphs of the same species; one sighted and one blind. Several regressive and constructive changes have been identified within blind tetra compared to their sighted ancestors. Of particular note here are the taste buds. Using immunohistochemical markers for receptor cells, basal cells and innervating axons (calretinin, serotonin, and zn‐12/tubulin), we have documented the distribution, number and development of taste buds on the upper and lower lips of the blind versus sighted Mexican tetra. We detected a difference in taste bud morphology between the two morphs as well as substantially more taste buds in blind versus sighted tetras. We show that as early as 5dpf blind tetra larvae have more taste buds on their lips than sighted tetras. The significance of this constructive evolutionary change in concert with the regressive change of losing eyesight will be discussed. This study is the first to document the timing of development of constructive changes which accompany the loss of eyes in the Mexican tetra and lays the foundation for future studies on gene expression patterns which mediate these changes. Research Support: NSERC, Canada Grant Funding Source NSERC, Canada
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".