Vitamin B12 deficiency and incontinence in older people.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To investigate the relationship between urinary incontinence and Vitamin B12 deficiency in community-living older people using standard serum cobalamin levels as well as the metabolites methylmalonic acid (MMA) and total homocysteine (HCYS). DESIGN: A prospective cross-sectional study of community-living older people. PARTICIPANTS: Independent and cognitively normal adults (mean age=72 years, range=65-89 years) living in the community. One hundred and nineteen volunteers were recruited at group meetings, activity groups, and through the use of posters. MEASUREMENTS: Information on urinary continence was provided by the participant during a systematic medical history, and was defined as any amount of uncontrolled leakage of urine. Vitamin B12, methylmalonic acid and homocysteine levels were determined in all subjects. MAIN RESULTS: We found no significant differences between the continent and incontinent group in regard to their serum Vitamin B12 (OR=1.34, CI: 0.39-4.58, p=.424), methylmalonic acid levels (OR=0.71, CI: 0.24-2.10, p=.386), or total homocysteine levels (CI: 0.29-4.54, p=.535). CONCLUSIONS: In our study continence was not significantly affected by the B12 status of the subject; neither serum B12 levels or the metabolites MMA and HCYS (reflecting B12 function) were significantly different in the continent group versus the incontinent one.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".