Long‐chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Status Associates with Bone Mass in Overweight and Obese Children
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Children who are obese are at increased risk of fractures. However, linkages to possible nutritional imbalances are unclear. Experimental studies suggest long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) such as arachidonic acid (AA C20:4 n6) modulate bone mass in a biphasic manner, yet it is uncertain whether this is observed in humans. This study examined the relationship between LCPUFA status and bone mass in overweight and obese (OvOb) children. Participants (n=119, 9.28 ± 1.89 y, BMI‐z 3.03 ± 1.02) were assessed for bone mass with DXA (Hologic Discovery). Fatty acid profile was measured in red blood cells (RBC) using gas chromatography. A generalized linear model was used to determine relationships between LCPUFA in RBC and bone outcomes with adjustments for Tanner stages and BMI. Saturated fatty acids palmitate (C16:0) and stearate (C18:0) inversely related to lumbar spine bone mineral density (r=‐0.18 and ‐0.22 respectively, p<0.05); while the omega‐3 fatty acid α‐linoleneate (ALA, C18:3 n3) positively related to whole body, total hip, ultra‐distal and mid forearm bone area, mineral content (BMC) and density (r=0.21 to 0.31, p<0.05). When children were divided into three groups by AA tertiles (cutoffs by 33rd and 67th percentile of % total FA) and compared with MIXED model ANOVA, those in the second tertile had greater forearm bone area and BMC than those in the first or third tertiles (Table 1), indicating higher AA levels may not confer additional benefits in bone growth and mineral accrual. These data suggest LCPUFA may play important roles in modulating bone mass during growth in OvOb children. 1 st tertile (n=39) [4.67‐7.51%] 2 nd tertile (n=35)[7.52‐ 8.42%] 3 rd tertile (n=45)[8.44‐14.06%] Ultra‐dista Area (cm 2 ) 4.09 ± 0.64 a 4.67 ± 0.67 b 4.29 ± 0.63 a BMC (g) 1.32 ± 0.05 1.51 ± 0.09 1.38 ± 0.07 Mid Area (cm 2 ) 7.50 ± 0.47 ab 9.21 ± 0.55 a 7.75 ± 0.32 b BMC (g) 3.05 ± 0.22 a 4.02 ± 0.34 b 3.31 ± 0.19 a 1/3 distal Area (cm 2 ) 4.33 ± 0.10 a 4.74 ± 0.10 b 4.38 ± 0.06 a BMC (g) 2.11 ± 0.09 2.43 ± 0.13 2.28 ± 0.09
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".