Reliability and validity of body fat determination in elite female athletes and the implications for practitioners
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: To establish the reliability of anthropometric and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry(DXA) techniques used to assess percent body fat (% BF)in female athletes; to establish limits for detecting the smallest real change in % BF associated with anthropometric and DXA testing;to evaluate the validity of commonly used % BF prediction equations recommended by national certification programs along with equations derived from Multicompartment (MC), and DXA, in female athletes; and to create a new DXA based regression equation for elite female athletes. METHODS:Female athletes aged 17-31 were recruited into the study and participated in the establishment of anthropometric reliability (N=20), DXA reliability (N=32), and /or skinfold validity (N=95) testing. Anthropometric testing consisted of measurements of skinfolds,circumferences, and breadths. DXA measurements were conducted using a GE Lunar Prodigy DXA which served as the criterion measure (% BF DXA). RESULTS: Excellent reliability for both anthropometric sum5 skinfolds (ICC= .997, %TEM=0.9 %) and DXA (ICC =.996, CV =1.13% BF) techniques allows for detection of smallest real differences of 2.2 mm and 721g in summed skinfolds (sum5) and fat mass respectively. The DXA based equation of Ball et al.(2004) displayed the greatest validity of existing equations R=.874, total error (TE) 2.9% BF, and Bland Altman Limits of Agreement -4.7to 6.5 % BF. The newly created regression equation demonstrated a non-linear characteristic and displayed similar predictive ability R= .840, TE 3.0%BF, and Bland Altman Limits of Agreement of -6.1to 6.1 % BF. CONCLUSIONS: Anthropometric equations derived from various criteria yielded dissimilar results. Long utilized popular equations advocated in national accreditation schemes (ACSM, CSEP) show considerable bias compared to modern values obtained by current DXA technology. A new regression equation was created for female Canadian athletes 17-31yrs of age using skinfolds taught in the Canadian national professional certification program (CSEP).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".