Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study evaluated the mechanical durability of ice hockey helmets for multiple impacts at defined energy levels. A monorail drop testing apparatus was used to conduct controlled impact tests according to the CSA standard (CAN/CSA-Z262.1-M90). Five ice hockey helmet models were tested, for a total sample of 45 helmets. All helmets were impacted up to 50 times at each of in four different locations (i.e. front, right side, back, and crown), at one of 40, 50 or 60 J of kinetic energies. In general, by increasing the impact energy, the impact acceleration attenuation properties of the helmets was decreased significantly (from 4% to 80%). Although all the helmets meet the CSA standards, attenuation properties were found to be substantially reduced beyond three repeated impacts and above 40 J impact energy. In particular, all helmets showed effective multiple impact attenuation properties at the crown, front, and rear sites; however, poor multiple impact attenuation durability was evident at the side.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".