LE FINANCEMENT DES INSTITUTIONS D’ENSEIGNEMENT POST-SECONDAIRE AU QUÉBEC, 1961-2005 / THE FINANCING OF POST-SECONDARY EDUCATION IN QUÉBEC, 1961-2005
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ce texte examine l’evolution du financement des institutions d’enseignement post-secondaire et particulierement des universites au Quebec pendant la periode 1961-2005, avec des comparaisons avec l’Ontario lorsque faisable et approprie. La premiere partie dresse un portrait des effectifs etudiants dans les institutions quebecoises d’enseignement post-secondaire. La seconde partie presente des indicateurs sur le financement de ces institutions, en termes de niveau et de sources. La troisieme partie se penche sur le niveau approprie des frais de scolarite. On y examine le rendement prive associe aux etudes universitaires, l’impact du niveau de ces frais sur l’acces a l’universite et les dimensions redistributives d’un financement public plus ou moins eleve. THE FINANCING OF POST-SECONDARY EDUCATION IN QUEBEC, 1961-2005 This paper examines the evolution of the financing of post-secondary institutions, particularly universities, in Quebec for the 1961-2005 period, with comparisons with Ontario where feasible and appropriate. The first part describes the evolution of enrollment in post-secondary institutions in Quebec. The second part presents indicators on the financing of these institutions with respect to their level and sources. The third part addresses the issue of the appropriate level of tuition fees. In it, we examine the returns to university schooling, the impact of these fees on university accessibility and the redistributive impact of a higher or lower level of public funding.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".