Book Review: International Law and the Environment, by Patricia Birnie, Alan Boyle, And Catherine Redgwell
Bibliographic record
Abstract
THIS BOOK IS THE LATEST EDITION of a seminal work by three of the United Kingdom's most renowned academics in the field of public international law.Although this edition relies heavily on material contained in the previous editions, it has been thoroughly revised and updated.Renewed emphasis is placed on several topics of particular interest to the global community, including climate change, genetically modified organisms and biotechnology, environmental ethics, and environmental governance.This edition is primarily the work of Alan Boyle and Catherine Redgwell.Patricia Birnie, the co-author of the first and second editions, has retired from active participation in the third edition, yet her imprint is quite visible to those of us who have long admired the breadth and clarity of the earlier editions.In the last three to five years, public fixation with climate change has served as a catalyst for the remarkably rapid expansion in the literature associated with this relatively new discipline of law, which-has only existed since the 1960s.As a result, there has been a proliferation of prominent texts on the various aspects of environmental and natural resources law.Environmental law embraces a curious mixture of domestic pollution legislation and a plethora of multilateral environmental agreements that are administered and enforced through a complex and often ad hoc system of courts, tribunals, arbitral panels, and directives.It is not a simple discipline, but, rather, one that is increasingly underpinned and interconnected with trade law, human rights law, and, of course, international law.In fact, it is fair to say that, currently, it is the international law arena that 1.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.036 | 0.021 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".