PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS: A NEW GLOBAL REALITY. IS CANADA SEIZING THE OPPORTUNITIES?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Public-private partnerships will come to be a key source of activity for many Canadian firms in a variety of industries. Through public-private arrangements, the burden on government is eased. Operational and financing responsibilities, as well as commercial and investment risk, are placed on the shoulders of the private sector. The public gains from increased efficiency offered to them because of more avenues for financing and increased competition. The World Bank has been following trends in private participation in infrastructure since 1990. Their data reveal that there are still only a few major players who are seizing these opportunities. The majority of these companies, none of them with headquarters in Canada, are involved in concession, lease, or management contracts. Canada is being outpaced by countries who recognize the advantages of private participation in infrastructure, either through foresight or necessity. The exception has been in the telecommunications and pipeline sectors, in which a strong domestic market has allowed some Canadian-based companies to do a good job of penetrating the international market. This article maintains that governments should provide stable, fiscally responsible national management by reducing their costs using the most effective approach to render services, and should reduce tax burdens in doing so, providing Canadian companies with a fair base from which to secure a fair share of the domestic market and to be a player on the international scene.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.010 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.014 | 0.013 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.022 | 0.013 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Research integrity | 0.007 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.014 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".