Bibliographic record
Abstract
UMASS / AMHERST CRANBERRY EXPERIMENT STATION Two different species of Rubus commonly occur on commercial cranberry bogs: bristly dewberry (Rubus hispidus) and prickly dewberry (Rubus flagellaris). Upright bramble (Rubus allegheniensis) was more prevalent in the 1970’s-1980’s, but is typically controlled in the field by a rust pathogen (see photo next page). Currently, it is rarely seen on bogs in Massachusetts. Thus, further mention of dewberries or brambles in this fact sheet refers only to R. hispidus and R. flagellaris. The range of these weed pests extends through a wide range of habitats, from Quebec and Nova Scotia west to Wisconsin and Minnesota and south to North Carolina and Georgia. Rubus species are characterized by growth in disturbed habitats, often representing an early stage of plant succession (in nonagricultural settings). On cranberry plantings, infestations tend to occur in small to large patches on the high edges. They are present on ditch banks and may spread onto the bog by rhizomes (underground stems). It is also believed that new infestations could occur from seeds disseminated through bird droppings. Taxonomy The taxonomy of Rubus is difficult to sort out as many species hybridize and exhibit polyploidy (more than twice the usual number of chromosomes). The genus is in the family, Rosaceae (the rose family), and 25 species are described in an authoritative flora (Gleason and Cronquist, 1991). The genus as a whole is known by the common name, brambles, but the species that occur in MA are identified by their common names, swamp dewberry (R. hispidus) and Northern dewberry (R. flagellaris). In Massachusetts, growers sometimes interchange the group names, brambles and briers, but these are two distinct genera of plants. In fact, they fall into two separate major categories of plant types. Briers are monocotyledons (one true leaf emerges from the seed) classified to the genus, Smilax. Rubus species are dicotyledons (two true leaves emerge from the seed). Common to MA bogs are glaucous greenbrier or silverleaf (Smilax glauca) and greenbrier (S. rotundifolia). It is important to distinguish between these weed species as many of the available management options control Rubus species, but not Smilax species (see figure on back page).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".