Vanadium\nStable Isotopes in Biota of Terrestrial and\nAquatic Food Chains
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Vanadium, a potentially toxic metal,\nis enriched in the environment\nfrom anthropogenic releases, particularly during fossil fuel production\nand use and steel manufacturing. Metal stable isotopes are sophisticated\ntools to trace pollution; however, only recent analytical advances\nhave allowed for the accurate and precise measurement of vanadium\nisotope ratios (δ<sup>51</sup>V). To examine its potential as\na tracer in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, δ<sup>51</sup>V was measured in soil, plant, lichen, marten, and lake sediment\nfrom sites near vanadium emissions at oil sands mines (Alberta, Canada)\nand in the sediment and biota (algae, zooplankton, fish) from a remote\nsubarctic lake (Northwest Territories, Canada). Samples from Alberta\nhad distinct δ<sup>51</sup>V values with marten liver the lowest\n(−1.7 ± 0.3‰), followed by lichen (−0.9\n± 0.1‰), soil (−0.7 ± 0.1‰), sediment\n(−0.5 ± 0.2‰), and plant root (−0.3 ±\n0.2‰). Average values were lower than Alberta bitumen and petroleum\ncoke (−0.1 ± 0.1‰). Plant roots had systematically\nhigher δ<sup>51</sup>V than the soil from which they grew (Δ<sup>51</sup>V<sub>plant‑soil</sub> = 0.4 ± 0.1‰),\nwhile δ<sup>51</sup>V of lichen and aquatic biota were lower\n(0.1–0.3‰) than likely crustal sources. These δ<sup>51</sup>V measurements in terrestrial and aquatic biota demonstrate\npromise for tracer applications, although further study of its biological\nfractionation is needed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.070 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".