Rare Earth Elements in Alberta Oil Sand Process Streams
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The\nconcentrations of rare earth elements in Alberta, Canada oil\nsands and six oil sand waste streams were determined using inductively\ncoupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP–MS). The results indicate\nthat the rare earth elements (REEs) are largely concentrated in the\ntailings solvent recovery unit (TSRU) sample compared to the oil sand\nitself. The concentration of lanthanide elements is ∼1100 mg/kg\n(1100 ppm or 0.11 wt %), which represents a >20× increase\nin\nthe concentration compared to the oil sand itself and a >7×\nincrease\ncompared to the North American Shale Composite (NASC). The process\nwater, which is used to extract the oil from oil sands, and the water\nfraction associated with the different waste streams had very low\nconcentrations of REEs that were near or below the detection limits\nof the instrument, with the highest total concentration of REEs in\nthe water fraction being less than 10 μg/L (ppb). Size and density\nseparations were completed, and the REEs and other potentially interesting\nand valuable metals, such as Ti and Zr, were concentrated in different\nfractions. These results give insights into the possibility of recovering\nREEs from waste streams generated from oil sand processing.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.060 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".