Top-Down Determination\nof Black Carbon Emissions from\nOil Sand Facilities in Alberta, Canada Using Aircraft Measurements
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) emissions from the Canadian oil sand\n(OS) surface\nmining facilities in Alberta were investigated using aircraft measurements.\nBC emission rates were derived with a top-down mass balance approach\nand were found to be linearly related to the volume of oil sand ore\nmined at each facility. Two emission factors were determined from\nthe measurements; production-based BC emission factors were in the\nrange of 0.6–1.7 g/tonne mined OS ore, whereas fuel-based BC\nemission factors were between 95 and 190 mg/kg-fuel, depending upon\nthe facility. The annual BC emission, at 707 ± 117 tonnes/year\nfor the facilities, was determined using the production-based emission\nfactors and annual production data. Although this annual emission\nis in reasonable agreement with the BC annual emissions reported in\nthe latest version of the Canadian national BC inventory (within 16%),\nthe relative split between off-road diesel and stack sources is significantly\ndifferent between the measurements and the inventory. This measurement\nevidence highlights the fact that the stack sources of BC may be overestimated\nand the off-road diesel sources may be underestimated in the inventory\nand points to the need for improved BC emission data from diesel sources\nwithin facilities.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.440 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".