Drivers of Declining\nWater Access in Alaska
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A majority of homes in the United States (US) receive\nhousehold\nwater services via complete in-home plumbing. Observers tend to assume\nthat in the US, there is an upward trend in plumbing access; yet in\nsome Alaska communities, the rate is in fact a downward trend. This\nstudy seeks to identify, while considering the spatiotemporal variations\nin the region, the sociodemographic parameters that are correlated\nwith the rates of in-home plumbing in Alaska communities. Equipped\nwith American Community Survey data from 2011 to 2015, we employed\na fixed-effects regression analysis. Our findings show that, concerning\ncomplete in-home plumbing, there was a statistically significant decrease\nin close to a quarter (23%) of census-designated places in Alaska.\nAccess to complete plumbing is correlated to multiple sociodemographic\ncharacteristics, including the percentage of households that (1) receive\nsocial security, (2) are valued under $150,000, and (3) are renter-occupied\nunits paying for one or more utilities. Our results help decision-makers\nefficiently allocate government funds by showing where service is\ndeteriorating as well as the potential predictors of such decline.\nOur study reveals the pressing need to invest in not only new water\nsystems but also maintenance, operations, and capital improvements.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.327 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".