Sediment\nContaminated with the Azo Dye Disperse Yellow\n7 Alters Cellular Stress- and Androgen-Related Transcription in <i>Silurana tropicalis</i> Larvae
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Azo\ndyes are the most commonly used type of dye, accounting for\n60–70% of all organic dye production worldwide. They are used\nas direct dyes in the textile, leather, printing ink, and cosmetic\nindustries. The aim of this study was to assess the lethal and sublethal\neffects of the disazo dye Disperse Yellow 7 (DY7) in frogs to address\na knowledge gap regarding mechanisms of toxicity and the potential\nfor endocrine disrupting properties. Larvae of <i>Silurana tropicalis</i> (Western clawed frog) were exposed to DY7-contaminated water (0\nto 22 μg/L) and sediment (0 to 209 μg/g) during early\nlarval development. The concentrations used included the range of\nsimilar azo dyes found in surface waters in Canada. A significant\ndecrease in tadpole survivorship was observed at 209 μg/g while\nthere was a significant increase in malformations at the two highest\nconcentrations tested in sediment. In the 209 μg/g treatment,\nDY7 significantly induced <i>hsp70</i> (2.5-fold) and <i>hsp90</i> (2.4-fold) mRNA levels, suggesting that cells required\noxidative protection. The same treatment also altered the expression\nof two androgen-related genes: decreased <i>ar</i> (2-fold)\nand increased <i>srd5a2</i> (2.6-fold). Furthermore, transcriptomics\ngenerated new hypotheses regarding the mechanisms of toxic action\nof DY7. Gene network analysis revealed that high concentrations of\nDY7 in sediment induced cellular stress-related gene transcription\nand affected genes associated with necrotic cell death, chromosome\ncondensation, and mRNA processing. This study is the first to report\non sublethal end points for azo dyes in amphibians, a growing environmental\npollutant of concern for aquatic species.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".