Influence of Development on Peri-urban Headwater Streams in Calgary, Alberta
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The natural connection between surface water and groundwater is inevitably altered by urban development. However, the degree of alteration is dependent on the physical and climatic characteristics of a watershed as well as the development characteristics. The goal of this study was to compare a developed and an undeveloped headwater catchment in Calgary, Alberta, to understand the influence of urbanization on streamflow response to precipitation, groundwater contributions to streamflow, and the spatial and temporal variability of streamflow in a low relief, semi-arid landscape. Hydrometric measurements of streamflow, groundwater, and precipitation were used in conjunction with electrical conductivity and stable water isotopes to compare streamflow regimes and assess the impact of development. The developed Sage Hill ravine (SHR) stream had significantly smaller runoff ratios and smaller maximum event water fractions than the undeveloped Glacier Ridge ravine (GRR) stream, which was attributed to the capture and rerouting of urban stormwater away from the stream. Groundwater was shown to be an essential source of flow to both streams. Baseflow separation and stable water isotopes showed that 95% and 86% of the cumulative streamflow volume in SHR and GRR, respectively, was from baseflow sourced from shallow groundwater. Additionally, spatial and temporal differences in streamflow between SHR and GRR were attributed to the geologic heterogeneity of the shallow subsurface. Although this study did not directly identify cause-and-effect relationships of streamflow characteristics and urban development, it did identify the importance of effective area, groundwater, and geologic heterogeneity on the generation of streamflow. These findings will be useful for improving our understanding of how future development might impact streamflow, informing urban water resource management, and protecting valuable urban ecosystems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".