Constructing Copyright in the Digital Age: The Case of Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Copyright protection is in a state of transition. The change brought about by the digital age has rendered the traditional model of copyright obsolete. Digitization and the Internet have altered the very nature of intellectual property, by allowing it to be non-rival, intangible, and easily accessible. Breakdowns in traditional intermediaries, the rise of user generated content, and Peer-to-Peer file sharing have played a profound role in reshaping how intellectual goods are created, used and distributed. These technological advances have brought to light a series of important policy questions about intellectual property rights in Canada and around the world. Bill C-11, a series of Supreme Court decisions in the summer of 2012, as well as movements in international law have sought to address these technological shifts. However, these actions are only the first step in addressing an ever-evolving problem. The original purpose of copyright sought to balance the protection of the holder and the user. In the simplest sense copyright gave creators a monopoly over their work for a fixed amount of time. This was beneficial to both the copyright holder and the user as it insured a reasonably equitable balance between protection and freedom of use. However, over time this balance became more and more heavily weighted in the direction of the copyright holder. While recent amendments to the Copyright Act have sought to rectify this imbalance and address the challenges of the digital age, the development of copyright law for modern times is still a work in progress. Issues such as copyright enforcement, the flexibility of the fair dealing clause, how to regulate user generated content, and technological neutrality remain contentious. All in all the Copyright Act is analog legislation operating in a digital world, and will require an in depth examination before it can evolve into effective policy. This study aims to clarify the issue that will continue to bedevil policymakers in Canada, as elsewhere.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.012 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.068 | 0.016 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.015 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.007 |
| Research integrity | 0.015 | 0.012 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".