Use of Poultry Litter‐Based Fertilizers in Calcareous Soil: Effects on Corn Growth and Selected Properties
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Continual rise in poultry production to meet increasing food demand also generates a huge amount of waste. This accumulating waste can lead to soil, water, and air contamination if not properly managed. Efficient management and utilization of poultry waste is one of the key steps toward ensuring agricultural and environmental sustainability. Direct application of fresh poultry litter (PL) to soil is a potential option; however, its high moisture content, unpleasant odor, and high nutrient loss potential, especially under arid conditions, can limit this option. Conversion of PL to more stable fertilizers may be a more sustainable practice for its utilization in arid soil. Therefore, a greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate the effect of organic fertilizers derived from PL on corn growth and nutrition in a calcareous soil. The experimental treatments included: raw poultry litter (RPL), composted PL (CPL), pelletized CPL (PCPL), and PL converted to biochar (PLBC) in addition to a control. These treatments were applied at rates of 5, 10, and 15 t·ha −1 , except for the control, which received only a single dose of recommended mineral fertilizers. The plant growth response to treatments varied according to the type of fertilizer and rate of application. The PLBC added at 10 and 15 t·ha −1 showed significantly higher plant height, shoot weight, and root dry weight, followed by the same rates of CPL compared to other treatments. Relative to the control, PLBC increased plant height by 0.3%, 18.6%, and 21.1% for the application rates of 5, 10, and 15 t·ha −1 , respectively. The shoot content of N and P did not statistically differ among all treatments, whereas the K content was significantly higher in PLBC when applied at 15 t·ha −1 . Calcium concentration was also increased in the corn, with PLBC producing a 9.7%, 9.7%, and 16.7% increase, respectively, over the control, for the application rates of 5, 10, and 15 t·ha −1 , respectively. The PLBC applied at 15 t·ha −1 significantly increased soil nitrate (58 mg·kg −1 ), available P (49 mg·kg −1 ), available K (189 mg·kg −1 ), and organic matter (1.96%). The PLBC can improve several soil properties and create favorable conditions for plant growth, and this may explain its best performance in the current study. Overall, poultry‐derived organic fertilizers have greater potential for improving corn growth and soil conditions, compared to RPL. Further long‐term studies in the field are required to validate the current findings.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".