Thermal ecology and ecological energetics of California spotted owls
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this study, we used open-circuit respirometry and the doubly labeled water technique (DLW) to examine the thermal ecology and ecological energetics of California Spotted Owls (Strix occidentalis occidentalis). Our physiological and behavioral observations indicated that Spotted Owls are less heat tolerant than typical birds. At temperatures above the thermoneutral zone (18.2–35.2°C), resting metabolic rate increased 1.48 times faster than predicted allometrically, and behavioral responses to heat stress (increased breathing rate, ptiloerection, gaping, and wing drooping) occurred at relatively modest temperatures, 30–34°C. Our data support the hypothesis that Spotted Owls prefer old-growth and late seral stage forests because they provide favorable microclimates. Our metabolic measurements reveal that Spotted Owls have exceptionally low energy requirements. Their basal metabolic rate, 10.13 ± 0.46 J g?1 hr?1, is only 82% of that predicted allometrically for owls. Field metabolic rate (FMR) of five adults provisioning dependent young averaged 249 ± 60 kJ day?1, only 34% of that predicted for comparably sized non-passerine birds. We calculated Spotted Owl prey requirements from our FMR data, laboratory determinations of assimilation efficiency (77%), and the body composition of representative prey types. On average, Spotted Owls feeding young can meet their own energy needs by consuming one northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus) every 1.8 days or one woodrat (Neotoma fuscipes) every 3.7 days.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".